NANOMEDICINE CLINICAL ONCOLOGY CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Abstract

Nanomedicine has revolutionized a clinical oncology as it was used to present a new form of in-target delivery of drugs, diagnostics, and immunomodulation. During the past three decades, lipid, polymer and inorganic nano systems have evolved to the levels of laboratory oddity, approved treatment and a number of clinical trials. It has demonstrated that nanoscale carriers could enhance pharmacokinetics and reduce systemic toxicity but not antitumor efficacy with clinical established formulations, such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and albumin-bound paclitaxel. It would later be possible to translate RNA therapeutics to oncology by one of the methods including the construction of lipid nanoparticles containing mRNA which can be tailored to create a personalized cancer vaccine and novel forms of cell therapy. Clinical translation has not realized the anticipated success and is still facing several obstacles including heterogeneity of tumour microenvironment, scale-up and production and complexity in regulatory processes. This review sums up the current clinical and translational literature, the status of approved clinically and in late-stage nanomedicines, failure modes ascertained by clinical trials, and the strategizing direction with a view to accelerate significant improvements on patient outcome. It is a hierarchical and multi-stage targeting strategy, which includes immunotherapies, RNA and other gene-editing delivery, improved design of biological barrier (e.g., the blood-brain barrier), and mild manipulation of regulatory pathways to encourage complex multifunctional nanotherapeutics.